Table 1 External factors selected for this study

Religion of beneficiaries

–

(Benedetti 2006; Paulson and Menjivar 2012)

Culture of beneficiaries

Incl. traditions, norms, language, food, and dressing

(Balcik et al. 2010; Benedetti 2006; Dale and Dulaimi 2016; Rodon et al. 2012)

Donor restrictions and influence

–

(Burkart et al. 2016; Costa et al. 2012; Martinez et al. 2011; Ngwenya and Naude 2016; Sandwell 2011; Scholten et al. 2010) (Azmat and Kummer 2019)

Blocked supply lines and rugged topography

Incl. lack of transport infrastructure, delays in custom and clearance and blockade due to extreme weather conditions

(Costa et al. 2012; Dube et al. 2016; Martinez et al. 2011; Moshtari and Gonçalves 2016; Ngwenya and Naude 2016; Scholten et al. 2010; Yadav and Barve 2015, 2018)

Host government access and policies

–

(Dasaklis and Pappis 2018; Dube et al. 2016; Sridhar and Nagabhushanam, 2008; Yadav and Barve 2015, 2018)

Limited resources

Incl. limited funding, supplies, human resource, transport vehicles, capacities, etc.

(Balcik et al. 2010; Costa et al. 2012; Dasaklis and Pappis 2018; Eriksson and Karlsson 2017; Martinez et al. 2011; Ngwenya and Naude 2016) (Azmat and Kummer 2019)