Table 2 Coding frequencies of humanitarian principles, including the top coded challenges

 • Challenges to their fulfillment (subnodes)

 • Aid can itself be perceived as political

 • Tension between witnessing and reporting violence and remaining neutral

 • Funding sources and connections perceived as compromising independence

 • Organizations implicated in conflicts due to their having resources and investments surrounding the conflict

 • Inability to reach those known to be in need

 • Pressures on organization to provide assistance not based solely on greatest need

 • Challenges to promoting solidarity, including distrust among stakeholders or “us”/“them” attitude, among others